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เนื้อหาย่อ : mdlawe Computer Structure: Readings and Examples [Bell and Newell 1971] created a methodology to study and compare computer systems. One of the vehicles used in the book was a computer description notation: ISP. Since the ISP descriptions in Readings and Examples were used exclusively for presentation of the machines (i.e., 'read only'), the notation was not formally defined. Since the publication of Readings and Examples, we have gone through two iterations on the design and implementation of a computer description language based on ISP. The latest version, ISPS [Barbacci et al. 1977], is being used at many universities and companies as a design tool. Cemputer Structures: Principles and Examples [Siewiorek, Bell, and Newell 1982] uses ISPS as the computer description language. This book is designed to present the student with a notation and methodology for the analysis of computer architectures. The overall motivation is to present the space of architecture features spanned by a collection of representative machines rather than presenting yet another paper machine, designed solely for pedagogical reasons. There are several reasons why a study of real machines is a better vehicle towards an understanding of the architecture design process. Fundamentally, every architect must have an understanding of the underlying technologies used to implement a computer. Technology affects the state of the art by determining the speed and cost of the memory and central processor. These determine the basic data types and operators of the machine, the architect's building blocks. Market requirements also bias the design of instruction sets towards specific application areas, languages, or modes of operation. These two forces, together with the architect's own vision of the design space are not always in agreement and compromises must be achieved. By exploring real machines we attempt first, to understand the different dimensions of the space and second, to quantify them. It is easy to see why paper machines won't do. They are always remarkably adequate for the task on hand, a result rarely achieved in the real world. Moreover, they fail to present the complete picture: the compromises made in light of conflicting requirements, the sins committed during the design, and more important, the attempts at fixing these in later versions. Four machines, ranging from small minicomputers to large mainframes, are used as running examples. The first minicomputer, the DEC PDP-8, serves as an example of a simple Instruction Set Processor. The DEC PDP-11 represents a sophisticated 16-bit minicomputer architecture. The IBM System/370 represents the first planned computer family. Finally, the CDC 6600 is a high performance scientific architecture. In the process of writing complete formal descriptions, one must include many details that could be left out otherwise. Principles and Examples only included the complete descriptions for the simplest machines. By including complete descriptions, this book can also be used to complement Principles and Examples by presenting an orthogonal view of the computer space. While in Principles and Examples, chapters are organized around machines and the features implemented in their instruction set, this book is organized around features and the machines that include them. This organization is also suitable for