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เนื้อหาย่อ : n this fourth edition of ELEMENTARY SURVEYING, en made in every chapter except Chapter 21. Sug ade by users of the book have been incorporated in the r tion, along with clarifying sentences (some in italies) in many places where experience indicated that they would be helpful. Some of the more important improvements are as follows: Chapter 2, Theory of Measurements and Errors, has been almost completely rewritten and its coverage greatly expanded. More complete discussions are given for the Tellurometer, Geodimeter, Electrotape, and other new equipment in Chapter 4, Linear Measurements. Material on the subtense bar has been moved Chapter 4, and a brief introduction given to triangulation and trilateration. The approach to tape corrections has been revised to better show the signs involved. recision requirements and permissible closures are given emphasis in several chapters. A two-page isogonie chart replaces the single-page drawing, and other material on the compass has been upgraded. Noteforms have been improved by making a few changes. The uses and advantages of the prineiple of reversion have been noted throughout the book, where appropriate, instead of just in the chapter on adjustments. Astronomical data have been brought up to date in examples and tabulations, and source notes added in the illustrations. The use of second differences in checking parabolic curves has been included. A larger number of proklems: and questions at the end of each chapter (totaling about 650) cover a wider range. Where feasible, consecutive odd- and even-numbered problems are similar, except for data. Some problems are carried through several chapters so that progressive steps in their completion can be followed. As in the third edition, emphasis is placed upon the theory of errors and opties; correlation of theory and practical field methods: